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References

Primary sources for the algorithms, benchmarks, hardware, and software cited throughout this documentation. Paper citations are preferentially peer-reviewed or arXiv records; hardware platforms are cited preferentially from official vendor documentation, with a few background details from industry media flagged separately.本文档中算法、基准、硬件与软件所引用的原始出处。论文条目优先引用同行评审或 arXiv 记录；硬件平台优先引用厂商官方文档，少数背景信息来自行业媒体并应单独标注。

Foundational algorithms

  • D. Deutsch, "Quantum theory, the Church-Turing principle and the universal quantum computer," Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 400, 97-117 (1985). doi:10.1098/rspa.1985.0070
  • E. Bernstein and U. Vazirani, "Quantum complexity theory," SIAM J. Comput. 26(5), 1411-1473 (1997). doi:10.1137/S0097539796300921
  • L. K. Grover, "A fast quantum mechanical algorithm for database search," Proc. 28th ACM STOC, 212-219 (1996). arXiv:quant-ph/9605043
  • P. W. Shor, "Polynomial-time algorithms for prime factorization and discrete logarithms on a quantum computer," SIAM J. Comput. 26(5), 1484-1509 (1997). arXiv:quant-ph/9508027
  • C. H. Bennett, G. Brassard, C. Crépeau, R. Jozsa, A. Peres, W. K. Wootters, "Teleporting an unknown quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels," Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1895-1899 (1993). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.1895

Variational algorithms & chemistry

  • A. Peruzzo, J. McClean, P. Shadbolt, M.-H. Yung, X.-Q. Zhou, P. J. Love, A. Aspuru-Guzik, J. L. O'Brien, "A variational eigenvalue solver on a photonic quantum processor," Nat. Commun. 5, 4213 (2014). doi:10.1038/ncomms5213
  • E. Farhi, J. Goldstone, S. Gutmann, "A quantum approximate optimization algorithm," (2014). arXiv:1411.4028
  • H. R. Grimsley, S. E. Economou, E. Barnes, N. J. Mayhall, "An adaptive variational algorithm for exact molecular simulations on a quantum computer," Nat. Commun. 10, 3007 (2019). doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10988-2

Benchmarking & error correction

  • A. W. Cross, L. S. Bishop, S. Sheldon, P. D. Nation, J. M. Gambetta, "Validating quantum computers using randomized model circuits," Phys. Rev. A 100, 032328 (2019). arXiv:1811.12926
  • Google Quantum AI, "Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold," Nature 638, 920–926 (2025). doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08449-y
  • D. Gao, J.-W. Pan, X.-B. Zhu et al. (USTC), "Establishing a New Benchmark in Quantum Computational Advantage with 105-qubit Zuchongzhi 3.0 Processor," Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 090601 (2025). arXiv:2412.11924 · doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.090601

Photonic quantum advantage

  • Y.-H. Deng et al., "Gaussian boson sampling with pseudo-photon-number-resolving detectors and quantum computational advantage," Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 150601 (2023). arXiv:2304.12240

Software & SDKs

  • C. Gidney, "Stim: a fast stabilizer circuit simulator," Quantum 5, 497 (2021). quantum-journal.org
  • J. R. McClean et al., "OpenFermion: the electronic structure package for quantum computers," Quantum Sci. Technol. 5, 034014 (2020). doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ab8ebc
  • V. Bergholm et al., "PennyLane: automatic differentiation of hybrid quantum-classical computations," (2018). arXiv:1811.04968

Hardware platforms — official documentation

  • IBM Quantum, processor types and hardware documentation. quantum.cloud.ibm.com
  • Amazon Braket, supported devices documentation. docs.aws.amazon.com
  • Microsoft Azure Quantum, provider global availability. learn.microsoft.com
  • Quantinuum, System Model H2 product page. quantinuum.com
  • IonQ, Forte system specifications. ionq.com
  • Origin Quantum (本源量子), "Origin Wukong-180" — 4th-generation 180-qubit single-chip superconducting quantum computer, online May 2026. originqc.com.cn
  • TuringQ, company and technology overview. turingq.com
  • QuantumCTek (国盾量子) / China Telecom Quantum, "Tianyan (天衍)" quantum computing cloud platform. quantumctek-cloud.com

Official blogs

  • Google Quantum AI, "Meet Willow, our state-of-the-art quantum chip" (2024). blog.google

Industry media

Accuracy准确性
All figures (qubit counts, photon numbers, quantum volume, fidelities) are quoted from the linked primary sources. If a vendor updates a specification, the source link remains the authority.所有数据（量子比特数、光子数、量子体积、保真度） 均引自上方链接的原始来源。若厂商更新规格，以来源链接为准。

References

Primary sources for the algorithms, benchmarks, hardware, and software cited throughout this documentation. Paper citations are preferentially peer-reviewed or arXiv records; hardware platforms are cited preferentially from official vendor documentation, with a few background details from industry media flagged separately.本文档中算法、基准、硬件与软件所引用的原始出处。论文条目优先引用同行评审或 arXiv 记录；硬件平台优先引用厂商官方文档，少数背景信息来自行业媒体并应单独标注。

基础算法

  • D. Deutsch, "Quantum theory, the Church-Turing principle and the universal quantum computer," Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 400, 97-117 (1985). doi:10.1098/rspa.1985.0070
  • E. Bernstein and U. Vazirani, "Quantum complexity theory," SIAM J. Comput. 26(5), 1411-1473 (1997). doi:10.1137/S0097539796300921
  • L. K. Grover, "A fast quantum mechanical algorithm for database search," Proc. 28th ACM STOC, 212-219 (1996). arXiv:quant-ph/9605043
  • P. W. Shor, "Polynomial-time algorithms for prime factorization and discrete logarithms on a quantum computer," SIAM J. Comput. 26(5), 1484-1509 (1997). arXiv:quant-ph/9508027
  • C. H. Bennett, G. Brassard, C. Crépeau, R. Jozsa, A. Peres, W. K. Wootters, "Teleporting an unknown quantum state via dual classical and Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen channels," Phys. Rev. Lett. 70, 1895-1899 (1993). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.70.1895

变分算法与化学

  • A. Peruzzo, J. McClean, P. Shadbolt, M.-H. Yung, X.-Q. Zhou, P. J. Love, A. Aspuru-Guzik, J. L. O'Brien, "A variational eigenvalue solver on a photonic quantum processor," Nat. Commun. 5, 4213 (2014). doi:10.1038/ncomms5213
  • E. Farhi, J. Goldstone, S. Gutmann, "A quantum approximate optimization algorithm," (2014). arXiv:1411.4028
  • H. R. Grimsley, S. E. Economou, E. Barnes, N. J. Mayhall, "An adaptive variational algorithm for exact molecular simulations on a quantum computer," Nat. Commun. 10, 3007 (2019). doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10988-2

基准测试与量子纠错

  • A. W. Cross, L. S. Bishop, S. Sheldon, P. D. Nation, J. M. Gambetta, "Validating quantum computers using randomized model circuits," Phys. Rev. A 100, 032328 (2019). arXiv:1811.12926
  • Google Quantum AI, "Quantum error correction below the surface code threshold," Nature 638, 920–926 (2025). doi:10.1038/s41586-024-08449-y
  • D. Gao, J.-W. Pan, X.-B. Zhu et al. (USTC), "Establishing a New Benchmark in Quantum Computational Advantage with 105-qubit Zuchongzhi 3.0 Processor," Phys. Rev. Lett. 134, 090601 (2025). arXiv:2412.11924 · doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.090601

光量子优势

  • Y.-H. Deng et al., "Gaussian boson sampling with pseudo-photon-number-resolving detectors and quantum computational advantage," Phys. Rev. Lett. 131, 150601 (2023). arXiv:2304.12240

软件与 SDK

  • C. Gidney, "Stim: a fast stabilizer circuit simulator," Quantum 5, 497 (2021). quantum-journal.org
  • J. R. McClean et al., "OpenFermion: the electronic structure package for quantum computers," Quantum Sci. Technol. 5, 034014 (2020). doi:10.1088/2058-9565/ab8ebc
  • V. Bergholm et al., "PennyLane: automatic differentiation of hybrid quantum-classical computations," (2018). arXiv:1811.04968

硬件平台官方文档

  • IBM Quantum, processor types and hardware documentation. quantum.cloud.ibm.com
  • Amazon Braket, supported devices documentation. docs.aws.amazon.com
  • Microsoft Azure Quantum, provider global availability. learn.microsoft.com
  • Quantinuum, System Model H2 product page. quantinuum.com
  • IonQ, Forte system specifications. ionq.com
  • Origin Quantum (本源量子), "Origin Wukong-180" — 4th-generation 180-qubit single-chip superconducting quantum computer, online May 2026. originqc.com.cn
  • TuringQ, company and technology overview. turingq.com
  • QuantumCTek (国盾量子) / China Telecom Quantum, "Tianyan (天衍)" quantum computing cloud platform. quantumctek-cloud.com

官方博客

  • Google Quantum AI, "Meet Willow, our state-of-the-art quantum chip" (2024). blog.google

行业媒体

Accuracy准确性
All figures (qubit counts, photon numbers, quantum volume, fidelities) are quoted from the linked primary sources. If a vendor updates a specification, the source link remains the authority.所有数据（量子比特数、光子数、量子体积、保真度）均引自上方链接的原始来源。若厂商更新规格，以来源链接为准。