Glossary
Key terms used throughout the qalgora-Q documentation.
Core concepts
| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Qubit | The basic unit of quantum information; unlike a classical bit it can exist in a superposition of |0⟩ and |1⟩. |
| Kernel | A function compiled and executed on a quantum backend — the unit of quantum computation in qalgora-Q. |
| Gate | A reversible operation that transforms the state of one or more qubits (e.g. h, x, rz). |
| Circuit | An ordered sequence of gates and measurements applied to a qubit register. |
| Superposition | A quantum state that is a linear combination of basis states, enabling parallelism. |
| Entanglement | A correlation between qubits with no classical analogue. Measuring part of an entangled state changes how we describe the joint state and makes the remaining measurement statistics correlated with that outcome — it cannot be used for faster-than-light communication. |
| Measurement | Collapsing a qubit's state to a classical bit, with probabilities set by the amplitudes. |
Execution & simulation
| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Backend / Target | Where a kernel runs. The reference build today is a local CPU NumPy simulator; the gpu, tensornet, and physical-hardware backends are planned or adaptation targets. |
| Statevector | The full 2N complex-amplitude representation of an N-qubit pure state. |
| Shot | One execution-and-measurement of a circuit; many shots build up a probability distribution. |
| Expectation value | The average ⟨ψ|O|ψ⟩ of an observable O over the prepared state. |
| Noise model | A description of hardware imperfections (decoherence, gate error) applied during simulation. |
| qalgora IR | The MLIR-based intermediate representation kernels are lowered to before targeting a backend. |
Algorithms
| Term | Definition |
|---|
| Hamiltonian | The operator describing a system's energy; its ground state is often the quantity of interest. |
| Ansatz | A parameterized circuit whose angles are optimized to approximate a target state. |
| VQE | Variational Quantum Eigensolver — a hybrid loop that minimizes energy to find a ground state. |
| QAOA | Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm — alternating cost/mixer layers for combinatorial problems. |
| Trotterization | Approximating time evolution exp(-iHt) by a product of simpler exponentials. |
Tip
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术语表
qalgora-Q 文档中贯穿使用的核心术语。
核心概念
| 术语 | 释义 |
|---|
| 量子比特 Qubit | 量子信息的基本单位；与经典比特不同，它可以处于 |0⟩ 与 |1⟩ 的叠加态。 |
| 内核 Kernel | 在量子后端上编译并执行的函数——qalgora-Q 中量子计算的基本单元。 |
| 门 Gate | 对一个或多个量子比特状态做可逆变换的操作（如 h、x、rz）。 |
| 电路 Circuit | 作用在量子比特寄存器上的一串有序的门与测量操作。 |
| 叠加 Superposition | 由多个基态线性组合而成的量子态，是量子并行性的来源。 |
| 纠缠 Entanglement | 量子比特之间没有经典对应的关联；对纠缠态的一部分进行测量会改变我们对整体联合态的描述，并使其余部分的测量统计与该结果相关；这不能用于超光速通信。 |
| 测量 Measurement | 把量子比特坍缩为经典比特，各结果的概率由振幅决定。 |
执行与模拟
| 术语 | 释义 |
|---|
| 后端 / 目标后端 Backend / Target | 内核运行的地方。当前参考实现为本地 CPU NumPy 模拟器；GPU、tensornet 和物理硬件后端属于规划或适配目标。 |
| 态矢量 Statevector | N 个量子比特纯态的完整 2ᴺ 个复振幅表示。 |
| 采样次数 Shot | 执行一次电路并测量一次；多次采样汇总出概率分布。 |
| 期望值 Expectation value | 可观测量 O 在所制备态上的平均值 ⟨ψ|O|ψ⟩。 |
| 噪声模型 Noise model | 对硬件缺陷（退相干、门误差）的刻画，在模拟时施加到电路上。 |
| qalgora IR | 基于 MLIR 的中间表示，内核在投递到后端前会被降级到这一层。 |
算法
| 术语 | 释义 |
|---|
| 哈密顿量 Hamiltonian | 描述系统能量的算符；其基态往往就是我们关心的目标。 |
| 线路拟设 Ansatz | 带参数的电路，调节这些角度即可逼近目标量子态。 |
| VQE | 变分量子本征求解器——通过最小化能量寻找基态的混合迭代算法。 |
| QAOA | 量子近似优化算法——用交替的代价层与混合层求解组合优化问题。 |
| 特罗特分解 Trotterization | 把时间演化 exp(-iHt) 近似为一系列更简单指数项的乘积。 |
小贴士
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