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Terminology Crosswalk

One concept, many names. This page maps post-quantum and commercial-cryptography terminology across the ecosystems an engineer in China actually has to satisfy at once — China's 商用密码 (GM/T) and national standards (GB/T), US NIST (FIPS/SP), the IETF (RFCs), ISO/IEC, and ETSI/ITU-T. Use it to translate a requirement written in one framework into the others.

Algorithm name crosswalk

The NIST competition names and the final standard names refer to the same algorithms — both are still in common use.

Competition nameStandardized nameStandardType
CRYSTALS-KyberML-KEMFIPS 203KEM (lattice)
CRYSTALS-DilithiumML-DSAFIPS 204Signature (lattice)
SPHINCS+SLH-DSAFIPS 205Signature (hash, stateless)
FalconFN-DSAFIPS 206 (forthcoming)Signature (lattice/NTRU)
LMS / XMSSSP 800-208; RFC 8554 / 8391; ISO/IEC 14888-4Signature (hash, stateful)
HQCHQCNIST 4th-round selected additional KEM for standardization; FIPS forthcomingKEM (code)

Primitives across ecosystems

By cryptographic function — China's SM suite vs the classical and post-quantum counterparts.

FunctionChina 国密 (GM/T)Classical (NIST)Post-quantum (NIST)IETFISO/IEC
Public-key encryption / KEMSM2 encryption (GM/T 0003)RSA-OAEP, ECIESML-KEM (FIPS 203), HQCRFC 9180 (HPKE), RFC 993518033-2 (+PQC amd)
Digital signatureSM2 (GM/T 0003), SM9-IBS (GM/T 0044)RSA, ECDSA, EdDSAML-DSA (FIPS 204), SLH-DSA (FIPS 205), FN-DSA (proposed FIPS 206)RFC 9881 / 990914888-3, 14888-4/-5/-6
Key establishment / exchangeSM2 key exchange(EC)DHML-KEM (a KEM, used for key establishment; commonly combined with ECDH/X25519 in hybrid mode)RFC 9370; draft-ietf-tls-ecdhe-mlkem11770-3
HashSM3 (GM/T 0004)SHA-2, SHA-3same (Grover-only)10118-3
Block cipherSM4 (GM/T 0002)AESAES-256 (Grover-only)18033-3
Stream cipherZUC (GM/T 0001)ZUC-256 (Grover-only)18033-4
Identity-based crypto (IBC)SM9 (GM/T 0044)(research)14888-3
Quantum-safety is not the same across a row
Asymmetric SM algorithms (SM2, SM9) are broken by Shor exactly like RSA/ECC — they are not post-quantum. From the standpoint of known general-purpose quantum algorithms, SM3 / SM4 / ZUC mainly face Grover-style quadratic speedup; their actual security still depends on parameters, usage mode, and implementation security (mitigate with larger sizes, e.g. ZUC-256). See SM Post-Quantum Migration.

Security-strength mapping

NIST categoryAnchorPQC examplesSymmetric equivalent
Level 1AES-128 key searchML-KEM-512, SLH-DSA-128, Falcon-512AES-128 key search; in the domestic context loosely comparable to a 128-bit symmetric key length, but this does not imply mutual recognition across standards systems
Level 2SHA-256 collisionML-DSA-44
Level 3AES-192 key searchML-KEM-768, ML-DSA-65AES-192
Level 4SHA-384 / SHA3-384 collision
Level 5AES-256 key searchML-KEM-1024, ML-DSA-87, Falcon-1024AES-256 / ZUC-256

Standards bodies & document prefixes

BodyRegionPrefixesRole
SCA / 国家密码管理局ChinaGM/T (商密行标)Commercial-cryptography (SM) standards & administration
TC260 / SACChinaGB/T (国标)National information-security standards (e.g. GB/T 39786 密评)
ICCSChinaNext-gen (quantum-resistant) commercial-crypto algorithm call (2025)
NISTUSAFIPS, SP 800-, IRPQC algorithm standards + transition guidance
IETFInternationalRFC, draft-Protocol integration (TLS, X.509, CMS, IKEv2, SSH)
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 27InternationalISO/IECInternational crypto standards (adopts/aligns)
ITU-T SG17InternationalX.-seriesQuantum-safe / QKD-network & 5G guidance
ETSI (TC CYBER QSC)EuropeTR / TSMigration, hybrid, crypto-agility guidance

Compliance & validation crosswalk

ConceptChinaUSA / International
Cryptographic-module validation商用密码产品认证 (SCA)FIPS 140-3 (NIST CMVP); Common Criteria
Application-level assessment密评 — 商用密码应用安全性评估 (GB/T 39786-2021, GM/T 0115/0116)(no single direct equivalent; closest: agency ATO / PCI DSS audits)
Algorithm test vectorsGM/T standard annexesNIST ACVP / CAVP
Critical-infrastructure crypto mandateGM/T 0133-2024; 关键信息基础设施商用密码使用规定US CNSA 2.0; NSM-10; EU Rec 2024/1101

Standards & references

Note
Cross-mappings are for orientation — a row aligns by function, not by exact security properties, parameters, or legal interchangeability. Always confirm against the authoritative document on each side before treating two entries as equivalent.

术语对照表

同一概念,多种叫法。本页把后量子与商用密码术语在中国工程师必须同时满足的几套体系之间一一对照—— 中国商用密码(GM/T)与国家标准(GB/T)、美国 NIST(FIPS/SP)、IETF(RFC)、ISO/IEC、以及 ETSI/ITU-T, 帮助你把一套框架下的要求翻译到另一套。

算法名称对照

NIST 征集名与最终标准名指的是同一算法,两种叫法目前都在用。

征集名标准名标准类型
CRYSTALS-KyberML-KEMFIPS 203KEM(格)
CRYSTALS-DilithiumML-DSAFIPS 204签名(格)
SPHINCS+SLH-DSAFIPS 205签名(哈希 无状态)
FalconFN-DSAFIPS 206(待发布)签名(格/NTRU)
LMS / XMSSSP 800-208;RFC 8554 / 8391;ISO/IEC 14888-4签名(哈希 有状态)
HQCHQCNIST 第四轮选定的额外 KEM 标准化对象;FIPS 待发布。KEM(编码)

密码原语跨体系对照

按密码功能——国密 SM 系列与经典、后量子对应算法。

功能中国国密 GM/T经典 NIST后量子 NISTIETFISO/IEC
公钥加密 / KEMSM2 加密(GM/T 0003)RSA-OAEP、ECIESML-KEM(FIPS 203)、HQCRFC 9180(HPKE)、RFC 993518033-2(含 PQC 修订)
数字签名SM2(GM/T 0003)、SM9 标识签名(GM/T 0044)RSA、ECDSA、EdDSAML-DSA(FIPS 204)、SLH-DSA(FIPS 205)、FN-DSA(拟 FIPS 206)。RFC 9881 / 990914888-3、14888-4/-5/-6
密钥协商 / 交换SM2 密钥交换(EC)DHML-KEM(KEM,用于密钥建立;常与 ECDH/X25519 组成混合模式)。RFC 9370;draft-ietf-tls-ecdhe-mlkem11770-3
哈希SM3(GM/T 0004)SHA-2、SHA-3同上(仅受 Grover 影响)10118-3
分组密码SM4(GM/T 0002)AESAES-256(仅受 Grover 影响)18033-3
序列密码ZUC(GM/T 0001)ZUC-256(仅受 Grover 影响)18033-4
标识密码 IBCSM9(GM/T 0044)(研究中)14888-3
同一行的抗量子性并不相同
非对称国密算法(SM2、SM9)和 RSA/ECC 一样会被 Shor 攻破,不属于后量子算法。从已知通用量子算法角度,SM3 / SM4 / ZUC 主要受 Grover 类平方加速影响;实际安全性仍取决于参数、使用模式与实现安全(可用更大尺寸缓解,如 ZUC-256)。详见 国密后量子迁移

安全强度对照

NIST 等级锚定PQC 示例对称等价
Level 1AES-128 密钥搜索ML-KEM-512、SLH-DSA-128、Falcon-512AES-128 密钥搜索;国内语境可类比 128-bit 对称密钥长度,但不表示标准体系互认。
Level 2SHA-256 碰撞ML-DSA-44
Level 3AES-192 密钥搜索ML-KEM-768、ML-DSA-65AES-192
Level 4SHA-384 / SHA3-384 碰撞
Level 5AES-256 密钥搜索ML-KEM-1024、ML-DSA-87、Falcon-1024AES-256 / ZUC-256

标准组织与文档前缀

机构地区前缀职责
国家密码管理局 SCA中国GM/T(商密行标)商用密码(SM)标准与监管
TC260 / 标委会中国GB/T(国标)国家信息安全标准(如 GB/T 39786 密评)
商用密码标准研究院 ICCS中国新一代抗量子商用密码算法征集(2025)
NIST美国FIPS、SP 800-、IRPQC 算法标准 + 迁移指南
IETF国际RFC、draft-协议集成(TLS、X.509、CMS、IKEv2、SSH)
ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 27国际ISO/IEC国际密码标准(采纳/对齐)
ITU-T SG17国际X 系列量子安全 / QKD 网络与 5G 指南
ETSI(TC CYBER QSC)欧洲TR / TS迁移、混合、密码敏捷指南

合规与验证对照

概念中国美国 / 国际
密码模块验证商用密码产品认证(SCA)FIPS 140-3(NIST CMVP);Common Criteria
应用层评估密评——商用密码应用安全性评估(GB/T 39786-2021,GM/T 0115/0116)(无单一对应;最接近:机构 ATO / PCI DSS 审计)
算法测试向量GM/T 标准附录NIST ACVP / CAVP
关键基础设施密码要求GM/T 0133-2024;关键信息基础设施商用密码使用规定美国 CNSA 2.0;NSM-10;欧盟建议 2024/1101

标准与参考

说明
对照仅供建立全局认识——每一行按功能对齐,并不代表安全属性、参数或法律上的可互换。 在把两个条目视为等价之前,请以各自的权威原文为准。
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