Terminology Crosswalk
One concept, many names. This page maps post-quantum and commercial-cryptography
terminology across the ecosystems an engineer in China actually has to satisfy at once — China's
商用密码 (GM/T) and national standards (GB/T), US NIST (FIPS/SP), the IETF (RFCs), ISO/IEC, and
ETSI/ITU-T. Use it to translate a requirement written in one framework into the others.
Algorithm name crosswalk
The NIST competition names and the final standard names refer to the same algorithms — both are
still in common use.
| Competition name | Standardized name | Standard | Type |
| CRYSTALS-Kyber | ML-KEM | FIPS 203 | KEM (lattice) |
| CRYSTALS-Dilithium | ML-DSA | FIPS 204 | Signature (lattice) |
| SPHINCS+ | SLH-DSA | FIPS 205 | Signature (hash, stateless) |
| Falcon | FN-DSA | FIPS 206 (forthcoming) | Signature (lattice/NTRU) |
| — | LMS / XMSS | SP 800-208; RFC 8554 / 8391; ISO/IEC 14888-4 | Signature (hash, stateful) |
| HQC | HQC | NIST 4th-round selected additional KEM for standardization; FIPS forthcoming | KEM (code) |
Primitives across ecosystems
By cryptographic function — China's SM suite vs the classical and post-quantum counterparts.
| Function | China 国密 (GM/T) | Classical (NIST) | Post-quantum (NIST) | IETF | ISO/IEC |
| Public-key encryption / KEM | SM2 encryption (GM/T 0003) | RSA-OAEP, ECIES | ML-KEM (FIPS 203), HQC | RFC 9180 (HPKE), RFC 9935 | 18033-2 (+PQC amd) |
| Digital signature | SM2 (GM/T 0003), SM9-IBS (GM/T 0044) | RSA, ECDSA, EdDSA | ML-DSA (FIPS 204), SLH-DSA (FIPS 205), FN-DSA (proposed FIPS 206) | RFC 9881 / 9909 | 14888-3, 14888-4/-5/-6 |
| Key establishment / exchange | SM2 key exchange | (EC)DH | ML-KEM (a KEM, used for key establishment; commonly combined with ECDH/X25519 in hybrid mode) | RFC 9370; draft-ietf-tls-ecdhe-mlkem | 11770-3 |
| Hash | SM3 (GM/T 0004) | SHA-2, SHA-3 | same (Grover-only) | — | 10118-3 |
| Block cipher | SM4 (GM/T 0002) | AES | AES-256 (Grover-only) | — | 18033-3 |
| Stream cipher | ZUC (GM/T 0001) | — | ZUC-256 (Grover-only) | — | 18033-4 |
| Identity-based crypto (IBC) | SM9 (GM/T 0044) | — | (research) | — | 14888-3 |
Quantum-safety is not the same across a row
Asymmetric SM algorithms (SM2, SM9) are broken by Shor exactly like RSA/ECC — they are
not
post-quantum. From the standpoint of known general-purpose quantum algorithms, SM3 / SM4 / ZUC
mainly face Grover-style quadratic speedup; their actual security still depends on parameters, usage
mode, and implementation security (mitigate with larger sizes, e.g. ZUC-256). See
SM Post-Quantum Migration.
Security-strength mapping
| NIST category | Anchor | PQC examples | Symmetric equivalent |
| Level 1 | AES-128 key search | ML-KEM-512, SLH-DSA-128, Falcon-512 | AES-128 key search; in the domestic context loosely comparable to a 128-bit symmetric key length, but this does not imply mutual recognition across standards systems |
| Level 2 | SHA-256 collision | ML-DSA-44 | — |
| Level 3 | AES-192 key search | ML-KEM-768, ML-DSA-65 | AES-192 |
| Level 4 | SHA-384 / SHA3-384 collision | — | — |
| Level 5 | AES-256 key search | ML-KEM-1024, ML-DSA-87, Falcon-1024 | AES-256 / ZUC-256 |
Standards bodies & document prefixes
| Body | Region | Prefixes | Role |
| SCA / 国家密码管理局 | China | GM/T (商密行标) | Commercial-cryptography (SM) standards & administration |
| TC260 / SAC | China | GB/T (国标) | National information-security standards (e.g. GB/T 39786 密评) |
| ICCS | China | — | Next-gen (quantum-resistant) commercial-crypto algorithm call (2025) |
| NIST | USA | FIPS, SP 800-, IR | PQC algorithm standards + transition guidance |
| IETF | International | RFC, draft- | Protocol integration (TLS, X.509, CMS, IKEv2, SSH) |
| ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 27 | International | ISO/IEC | International crypto standards (adopts/aligns) |
| ITU-T SG17 | International | X.-series | Quantum-safe / QKD-network & 5G guidance |
| ETSI (TC CYBER QSC) | Europe | TR / TS | Migration, hybrid, crypto-agility guidance |
Compliance & validation crosswalk
| Concept | China | USA / International |
| Cryptographic-module validation | 商用密码产品认证 (SCA) | FIPS 140-3 (NIST CMVP); Common Criteria |
| Application-level assessment | 密评 — 商用密码应用安全性评估 (GB/T 39786-2021, GM/T 0115/0116) | (no single direct equivalent; closest: agency ATO / PCI DSS audits) |
| Algorithm test vectors | GM/T standard annexes | NIST ACVP / CAVP |
| Critical-infrastructure crypto mandate | GM/T 0133-2024; 关键信息基础设施商用密码使用规定 | US CNSA 2.0; NSM-10; EU Rec 2024/1101 |
Standards & references
Note
Cross-mappings are for orientation — a row aligns by
function, not by exact security
properties, parameters, or legal interchangeability. Always confirm against the authoritative
document on each side before treating two entries as equivalent.
术语对照表
同一概念,多种叫法。本页把后量子与商用密码术语在中国工程师必须同时满足的几套体系之间一一对照——
中国商用密码(GM/T)与国家标准(GB/T)、美国 NIST(FIPS/SP)、IETF(RFC)、ISO/IEC、以及 ETSI/ITU-T,
帮助你把一套框架下的要求翻译到另一套。
算法名称对照
NIST 征集名与最终标准名指的是同一算法,两种叫法目前都在用。
| 征集名 | 标准名 | 标准 | 类型 |
| CRYSTALS-Kyber | ML-KEM | FIPS 203 | KEM(格) |
| CRYSTALS-Dilithium | ML-DSA | FIPS 204 | 签名(格) |
| SPHINCS+ | SLH-DSA | FIPS 205 | 签名(哈希 无状态) |
| Falcon | FN-DSA | FIPS 206(待发布) | 签名(格/NTRU) |
| — | LMS / XMSS | SP 800-208;RFC 8554 / 8391;ISO/IEC 14888-4 | 签名(哈希 有状态) |
| HQC | HQC | NIST 第四轮选定的额外 KEM 标准化对象;FIPS 待发布。 | KEM(编码) |
密码原语跨体系对照
按密码功能——国密 SM 系列与经典、后量子对应算法。
| 功能 | 中国国密 GM/T | 经典 NIST | 后量子 NIST | IETF | ISO/IEC |
| 公钥加密 / KEM | SM2 加密(GM/T 0003) | RSA-OAEP、ECIES | ML-KEM(FIPS 203)、HQC | RFC 9180(HPKE)、RFC 9935 | 18033-2(含 PQC 修订) |
| 数字签名 | SM2(GM/T 0003)、SM9 标识签名(GM/T 0044) | RSA、ECDSA、EdDSA | ML-DSA(FIPS 204)、SLH-DSA(FIPS 205)、FN-DSA(拟 FIPS 206)。 | RFC 9881 / 9909 | 14888-3、14888-4/-5/-6 |
| 密钥协商 / 交换 | SM2 密钥交换 | (EC)DH | ML-KEM(KEM,用于密钥建立;常与 ECDH/X25519 组成混合模式)。 | RFC 9370;draft-ietf-tls-ecdhe-mlkem | 11770-3 |
| 哈希 | SM3(GM/T 0004) | SHA-2、SHA-3 | 同上(仅受 Grover 影响) | — | 10118-3 |
| 分组密码 | SM4(GM/T 0002) | AES | AES-256(仅受 Grover 影响) | — | 18033-3 |
| 序列密码 | ZUC(GM/T 0001) | — | ZUC-256(仅受 Grover 影响) | — | 18033-4 |
| 标识密码 IBC | SM9(GM/T 0044) | — | (研究中) | — | 14888-3 |
同一行的抗量子性并不相同
非对称国密算法(SM2、SM9)和 RSA/ECC 一样会被 Shor 攻破,
不属于后量子算法。从已知通用量子算法角度,SM3 / SM4 / ZUC
主要受 Grover 类平方加速影响;实际安全性仍取决于参数、使用模式与实现安全(可用更大尺寸缓解,如 ZUC-256)。详见
国密后量子迁移。
安全强度对照
| NIST 等级 | 锚定 | PQC 示例 | 对称等价 |
| Level 1 | AES-128 密钥搜索 | ML-KEM-512、SLH-DSA-128、Falcon-512 | AES-128 密钥搜索;国内语境可类比 128-bit 对称密钥长度,但不表示标准体系互认。 |
| Level 2 | SHA-256 碰撞 | ML-DSA-44 | — |
| Level 3 | AES-192 密钥搜索 | ML-KEM-768、ML-DSA-65 | AES-192 |
| Level 4 | SHA-384 / SHA3-384 碰撞 | — | — |
| Level 5 | AES-256 密钥搜索 | ML-KEM-1024、ML-DSA-87、Falcon-1024 | AES-256 / ZUC-256 |
标准组织与文档前缀
| 机构 | 地区 | 前缀 | 职责 |
| 国家密码管理局 SCA | 中国 | GM/T(商密行标) | 商用密码(SM)标准与监管 |
| TC260 / 标委会 | 中国 | GB/T(国标) | 国家信息安全标准(如 GB/T 39786 密评) |
| 商用密码标准研究院 ICCS | 中国 | — | 新一代抗量子商用密码算法征集(2025) |
| NIST | 美国 | FIPS、SP 800-、IR | PQC 算法标准 + 迁移指南 |
| IETF | 国际 | RFC、draft- | 协议集成(TLS、X.509、CMS、IKEv2、SSH) |
| ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 27 | 国际 | ISO/IEC | 国际密码标准(采纳/对齐) |
| ITU-T SG17 | 国际 | X 系列 | 量子安全 / QKD 网络与 5G 指南 |
| ETSI(TC CYBER QSC) | 欧洲 | TR / TS | 迁移、混合、密码敏捷指南 |
合规与验证对照
| 概念 | 中国 | 美国 / 国际 |
| 密码模块验证 | 商用密码产品认证(SCA) | FIPS 140-3(NIST CMVP);Common Criteria |
| 应用层评估 | 密评——商用密码应用安全性评估(GB/T 39786-2021,GM/T 0115/0116) | (无单一对应;最接近:机构 ATO / PCI DSS 审计) |
| 算法测试向量 | GM/T 标准附录 | NIST ACVP / CAVP |
| 关键基础设施密码要求 | GM/T 0133-2024;关键信息基础设施商用密码使用规定 | 美国 CNSA 2.0;NSM-10;欧盟建议 2024/1101 |
标准与参考
说明
对照仅供建立全局认识——每一行按
功能对齐,并不代表安全属性、参数或法律上的可互换。
在把两个条目视为等价之前,请以各自的权威原文为准。