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Algorithm Comparison

A master comparison of standardized and candidate post-quantum schemes alongside the classical baselines they replace. Sizes are approximate, in bytes, for a representative parameter set; refer to each algorithm's specification for exact figures across all parameter sets. For full parameter tables see parameters.html.

Classical baselines

These are the algorithms PQC is intended to replace for asymmetric operations. They are compact but fall to Shor's algorithm.

NameTypePublic key (B)Sig / ciphertext (B)Quantum status
RSA-2048Sig + KEM-like256256Broken by Shor
Ed25519Signature3264Broken by Shor
X25519Key exchange3232Broken by Shor

Master comparison — PQC schemes

NameKEM / SigFamilyNIST level(s)Public key (B)Ciphertext / sig (B)StatusNotes
ML-KEM-512KEMLattice (Module-LWE)1800768FIPS 203Was Kyber; fast, small
ML-KEM-768KEMLattice (Module-LWE)311841088FIPS 203Common default
ML-KEM-1024KEMLattice (Module-LWE)515681568FIPS 203Highest security
ML-DSA-44SigLattice (Module-SIS / Module-LWE)213122420FIPS 204Was Dilithium
ML-DSA-65SigLattice (Module-SIS / Module-LWE)319523309FIPS 204Common default
ML-DSA-87SigLattice (Module-SIS / Module-LWE)525924627FIPS 204Highest security
SLH-DSA-128sSigHash-based (stateless)1327856FIPS 205Was SPHINCS+; tiny key, large sig, slow sign
SLH-DSA-256fSigHash-based (stateless)56449856FIPS 205"f" = faster sign, bigger sig
FN-DSA (Falcon-512)SigLattice (NTRU)1897666 (padded)Selected by NIST; to be standardized as FN-DSA / FIPS 206; not yet a final standard.Smallest lattice sig; tricky FP sampling
FN-DSA (Falcon-1024)SigLattice (NTRU)517931280 (padded)Selected by NIST; to be standardized as FN-DSA / FIPS 206; not yet a final standard.High-security Falcon
LMS / XMSSSigHash-based (stateful)2/5~60~2500–2800SP 800-208Stateful; firmware signing; never reuse state
Classic McElieceKEMCode-based1/3/5261120–135782496–208NIST Round 4 additional KEM candidate; not selected by NIST as a current additional KEM standard, with an ISO/IEC path under discussion.Huge key, tiny ciphertext; very conservative
HQC-128KEMCode-based122494433Selected (2025) for std.additional code-based KEM alongside ML-KEM (algorithm diversity)
BIKEKEMCode-based (QC-MDPC)1/3/51541–51221573–5154Not selected in Round 4Compact code-based alternative

How to read the trade-offs

  • Lattice schemes (ML-KEM, ML-DSA, Falcon) hit the sweet spot of moderate sizes and high speed. They are the practical default for nearly all applications.
  • Hash-based signatures (SLH-DSA, LMS/XMSS) rest on the most conservative security assumption (only the hash function) but produce large signatures or require state management. Use them where assurance matters most.
  • Code-based KEMs (Classic McEliece, BIKE, HQC) diversify away from lattices. Classic McEliece is extremely conservative but has enormous keys; HQC is an additional code-based KEM alongside ML-KEM (algorithm diversity).

Which to pick

  • General-purpose key establishment: ML-KEM-768, in a hybrid with X25519.
  • General-purpose signatures: ML-DSA-65.
  • Bandwidth-critical signatures (e.g., certificates): FN-DSA / Falcon, if you can implement constant-time floating-point sampling correctly.
  • Firmware / boot signing with few signatures: stateful LMS or XMSS (SP 800-208) — only with rigorous state management. This assumes the signer can strictly manage state; if state management cannot be guaranteed, prefer SLH-DSA.
  • Maximum conservatism / hash-only assumption: SLH-DSA for signatures, Classic McEliece for KEM.

Standards & references

Note
Byte sizes above are representative single-parameter-set figures for comparison, not exhaustive. Always confirm against the relevant FIPS or specification, and see parameters.html for the complete parameter sets.

算法对比

已标准化与候选后量子方案的主对比,并列出它们所替代的经典基线。下表长度均为某代表性参数集的近似值(单位字节);各参数集的精确数值请查阅相应算法规范。完整参数表参见 parameters.html

经典基线

这些是后量子密码意在替换的非对称算法。它们体积小巧,但会被 Shor 算法攻破。

名称类型公钥(字节)签名/密文(字节)量子状态
RSA-2048签名 + 类 KEM256256被 Shor 攻破
Ed25519签名3264被 Shor 攻破
X25519密钥交换3232被 Shor 攻破

主对比 后量子方案

名称KEM / 签名家族NIST 等级公钥(字节)密文/签名(字节)状态备注
ML-KEM-512KEM格(Module-LWE)1800768FIPS 203原 Kyber 快且小
ML-KEM-768KEM格(Module-LWE)311841088FIPS 203常用默认
ML-KEM-1024KEM格(Module-LWE)515681568FIPS 203最高安全
ML-DSA-44签名格(Module-SIS / Module-LWE)213122420FIPS 204原 Dilithium
ML-DSA-65签名格(Module-SIS / Module-LWE)319523309FIPS 204常用默认
ML-DSA-87签名格(Module-SIS / Module-LWE)525924627FIPS 204最高安全
SLH-DSA-128s签名杂凑(无状态)1327856FIPS 205原 SPHINCS+ 密钥极小 签名大 签名慢
SLH-DSA-256f签名杂凑(无状态)56449856FIPS 205f 表示签名更快 签名更大
FN-DSA(Falcon-512)签名格(NTRU)1897666(padded)NIST 已选中,拟标准化为 FN-DSA / FIPS 206;尚非最终标准。最小格签名 浮点采样实现棘手
FN-DSA(Falcon-1024)签名格(NTRU)517931280(padded)NIST 已选中,拟标准化为 FN-DSA / FIPS 206;尚非最终标准。高安全 Falcon
LMS / XMSS签名杂凑(有状态)2/5约 60约 2500–2800SP 800-208有状态 固件签名 切勿复用状态
Classic McElieceKEM编码1/3/5261120–135782496–208NIST 第四轮额外 KEM 候选;未被 NIST 选为当前额外 KEM 标准,另有 ISO/IEC 路径讨论。公钥巨大 密文极小 极为保守
HQC-128KEM编码1224944332025 入选拟标准化ML-KEM 之外的额外编码类 KEM(提供算法多样性)
BIKEKEM编码(QC-MDPC)1/3/51541–51221573–5154第四轮未入选紧凑的编码类备选

如何理解权衡

  • 格方案(ML-KEM、ML-DSA、Falcon)在适中体积与高速度之间取得最佳平衡,是几乎所有应用的实用默认选择。
  • 杂凑签名(SLH-DSA、LMS/XMSS)建立在最保守的安全假设之上(仅依赖杂凑函数),但签名较大或需要状态管理。在保障要求最高之处使用。
  • 编码类 KEM(Classic McEliece、BIKE、HQC)提供脱离格的多样化选择。Classic McEliece 极为保守但公钥庞大;HQC 是 ML-KEM 之外的额外编码类 KEM(提供算法多样性)。

如何选型

  • 通用密钥建立:ML-KEM-768,与 X25519 组成混合模式。
  • 通用签名:ML-DSA-65
  • 带宽敏感签名(如证书):FN-DSA / Falcon,前提是能正确实现常数时间浮点采样。
  • 固件/引导签名且签名次数少:有状态的 LMSXMSS(SP 800-208)——务必配合严格的状态管理。前提是签名端能严格管理状态;若状态管理不可保证,则优先考虑 SLH-DSA。
  • 追求最大保守性/仅依赖杂凑假设:签名用 SLH-DSA,KEM 用 Classic McEliece

标准与参考

说明
上表字节数仅为便于对比的单参数集代表值,并非完整数据。请始终以相应 FIPS 或规范为准,完整参数集参见 parameters.html
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